Unlike other indices, the NYSE
Composite includes all common stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange
(more than 2,000 companies).
The index has shown remarkable
resilience. After closing out a solid 2024 (with gains of nearly 15%), 2025 has
been a year of milestones. As of December 26, 2025, the index stands at around
22,248 points, marking annual growth of approximately 16.5%.
Its
historical annualized growth is around 6-7%. However, in the current cycle
(2022-2025), it has served as a safe haven from volatility, as it includes
"traditional" sectors (energy, finance, industrials) that offset
declines in the technology sector.
The NYSE is the "gold standard" of
transparency and stability for several reasons:
By housing both cyclical and defensive sectors, it is
not dependent on a single industry. If technology stocks fall, the financial or
consumer staples sectors typically support the index.
It is unique because it includes many foreign
companies listed in the U.S. (American Depositary Receipts). This provides
indirect exposure to the global economy from the North American market.
The NYSE's listing rules are
stricter than those of other exchanges, ensuring that companies have a robust
market capitalization and operating track record.
The current macroeconomic
environment presents mixed but mostly bullish signals. With the Federal Reserve
keeping rates around 3.75%, the cost of capital has stabilized, favoring NYSE
industrial and financial companies.
Growth is no longer solely
dependent on speculation, but rather on a real 13% increase in earnings per
share (EPS) for its constituents.
Volatility is lower than that
of the NASDAQ. The NYSE is ideal for portfolios seeking growth without the
stress of extreme tech swings.
US consumer spending and employment are projected to
remain strong through the end of 2025. While the S&P 500 may appear
expensive due to the large tech companies, many sectors within the NYSE are
still trading at reasonable multiples.
It is currently at record highs. Historically,
entering at the peak can mean waiting for a technical correction before seeing
significant gains. Trade policies (tariffs and global tensions) remain a risk
factor for the multinational companies in the index.
It's an excellent time for long-term investors (3-5
years) seeking diversification. For short-term trades, caution is advised,
waiting for a possible pullback or technical retracement, as the index is in
overbought territory after the year-end rally.
The New York Stock Exchange
Composite Index (NYA) stands as one of the fundamental pillars for analyzing
global macroeconomic health. Unlike other narrower indicators, this index
tracks performance of all common stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange,
comprising more than 1,800 companies representing a vast and diverse market
capitalization. Its composition is not limited to US companies, but includes a
significant proportion of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) from
international corporations, real estate investment trusts (REITs), and tracked
stocks, making it a barometer of global industrial, financial, and
technological activity.
The research detailed below is
based on a comprehensive econometric and statistical analysis of the index's
price data, divided into two critical time horizons: the long term, spanning
from January 2010 to the end of 2025, and the short term, focusing on the
accelerated dynamics observed from April 2025 to the present. This dual
approach is imperative to distinguish between structural growth trends and cyclical
or seasonal anomalies that characterize contemporary financial markets.
The long-term horizon analyzed begins on January 4,
2010, and ends on December 24, 2025. During this period of approximately 15
years, the index has undergone a profound transformation, reflecting the
recovery from the 2008 financial crisis, the monetary expansion of the 2010s,
the 2020 pandemic shock, and the subsequent era of inflation and interest rate
adjustment.
The cumulative growth of 203.40% underscores a robust
upward trajectory, driven by a secular increase in corporate profits and the
expansion of the global economy. When analyzing the trend lines applied to this
dataset, a clear distinction is observed between linear and polynomial fitting.
The linear trend, while useful for measuring the compound annual rate of
return, tends to oversimplify market cycles. Conversely, polynomial lines of
order 3 and 6 allow us to capture the curvatures and inflection points where
the market regime changed.
The polynomial correlation of order 6 reaches an
exceptional level of 97.38%, while that of order 3 stands at 97.05%. These
figures indicate that the index's behavior is not erratic, but rather follows
cyclical patterns that can be mathematically modeled with high historical
accuracy. However, from an econometric perspective, the use of polynomials of
order 6 carries the risk of overfitting. This phenomenon occurs when the model
adapts so faithfully to noise and minor fluctuations in the past that it loses its
ability to generalize and predict the future. Therefore, experts in Financial
analysts often prefer third-order models to identify medium-term trends, as
they offer a balance between sensitivity to trend changes and predictive
robustness.
The short-term study, which extends from April 8,
2025, to December 24, 2025, reveals significantly more aggressive and volatile
behavior. In this period of just eight months, the index has shown growth of
29.33%, an extraordinary figure that, annualized, would far exceed the
historical averages of the stock market.
This period is marked by the consolidation of the
bull market that began in October 2022. Towards the end of 2025, returns have
ceased to be driven merely by the expansion of valuations (the
Price-to-Earnings ratio or P/E ratio) and have come to depend directly on the
growth of real corporate earnings. This transition is vital for market
sustainability, as a rally based solely on multiple optimism is vulnerable to
rapid corrections in the face of any economic disappointment.
Short-term trend line correlations remain high
(linear 92.55%, third-order polynomial 96.71%), validating that the upward
momentum has maintained a coherent technical structure. However, the disparity
between long- and short-term metrics suggests that the index has entered a
parabolic acceleration phase that warrants detailed scrutiny from the
perspective of risk management and the probability of mean reversion.
One of the most revealing aspects of the research is
the comparison between measures of central tendency: the mean, the median, and
the mode. In an ideal normal distribution, these three values would be
identical, creating the perfect symmetry of the Gaussian bell curve. However, the NYSE data shows a "skew" or bias
that has critical implications for investors.
Conversely, in the short-term analysis, the bias has
become strongly negative (-0.9144). This is an econometric red flag. A negative
bias means that the distribution has a long tail to the left; In other words,
there is a higher probability of experiencing frequent small gains, but with a
latent risk of severe and sudden losses. In this configuration, the mode >
median > mean. This phenomenon is typical of markets that are
"overbought" or in advanced stages of a bull market, where investor
complacency masks tail risk.
The importance of this diagnosis lies in the fact
that investment decisions are often mistakenly based on the average (mean). If
an investor assumes that returns will follow the mean in a negatively biased
environment, they will be systematically underestimating the severity of
potential losses downturns, which can lead to inadequate asset allocation and
excessive exposure to market risk.
Kurtosis is the statistical measure that describes
the "peakedness" of the distribution and the heaviness of its tails
compared to a normal distribution (where kurtosis equals 3, or excess kurtosis
equals 0). In the NYSE Composite analysis, the kurtosis values are negative
in both the long term (-0.5301) and the short term (-0.3571), defining a
platykurtic distribution.
A platykurtic distribution is characterized by having
thinner tails and a flatter peak than a normal distribution. In financial
terms, this suggests that extreme values (both very high gains and very low
losses) are less frequent than the normal model would predict. At first glance,
this might seem positive for reducing investment risk, as there is a lower
probability of catastrophic downturns. However, in the context of the NYSE,
persistent negative kurtosis can also indicate that the index has been trading
within relatively controlled ranges, and any shift towards a leptokurtic
distribution (heavy tails) would represent a volatility shock for which the
market might not be prepared.
The study of kurtosis is fundamental for fund
managers who use Value at Risk (VaR) to calculate capital at risk. If the
distribution were leptokurtic (kurtosis > 3), the investor would have to
prepare for a high probability of extreme events ("fat tails"). Since
it was platykurtic in the periods studied, it is confirmed that the market has
maintained relative stability within its ranges Trends, although the short-term
negative bias suggests that this stability could be fragile.
Probability analysis allows us to quantify the
certainty that the index will remain within certain price thresholds. The data
shows that for the current closing value of 22,229.10, the cumulative
probability is 99.50% in the long term and 93.64% in the short term. This means
that the index is currently at the upper end of its historical distribution.
The fact that the complement to the cumulative
probability is only 0.50% in the long term indicates that the index is trading
at price levels that have historically been reached in only 0.50% of
observations. This reinforces the thesis that the market is in an
"overextended" zone. The probability range analyzed allows us to
observe how the index has moved through different value zones, and the
histogram included in the research confirms that the highest data frequency is
concentrated in the 8,434 to 12,434 point range, leaving the current price of
22,229 far from the historical center of gravity.
The interpretation of these statistical data cannot
be done in isolation from the macroeconomic factors that dominate the scenario
at the end of 2025. The US Federal Reserve (Fed) ended the year with a
25-basis-point interest rate cut in December, bringing the benchmark rate to a
range of 3.5% to 3.75%. This decision was made against a backdrop of mixed
signals: while inflation remains high (close to 3%, above the 2% target), the
labor market has shown signs of cooling, with the unemployment rate gradually rising
to 4.4%.
Fed Chairman Jerome Powell has indicated that there
are bilateral risks to the institution's mandate, persistent inflation, and
potentially excessive weakness in employment. For the NYSE Composite, this
"lower, but not low, interest rate" environment is a double-edged
sword. On the one hand, cheaper credit supports the valuations of the
industrial and financial companies that make up the index. On the other hand,
if inflation remains sticky due to external factors such as trade tariffs or
energy supply constraints, the Fed could be forced to pause rate cuts in 2026,
which would disappoint a market that has already priced in multiple rate
reductions.
Projections for 2026 suggest that the US economy will
grow at a moderate pace of 2.3%, slightly above the historical average.
However, political instability and the impact of tariffs on consumer goods
prices remain clouds on the horizon that could alter the index's trajectory.
An undeniable driver of market performance in 2025
has been massive investment in artificial intelligence (AI). However, expert
analysis suggests the market is entering a phase of increased scrutiny.
Investors are no longer satisfied with AI's promise; they now demand to see
monetization and the real impact on profit margins. This has generated some
volatility in the technology sector, but it has also encouraged a rotation into
other sectors represented on the NYSE, such as energy, basic materials, and infrastructure,
which are necessary to power data center infrastructure and the electrical
grid.
Earnings growth is expected to broaden in 2026. While
in previous years the rally was "narrow" (led by a few companies),
forecasts for next year point to double-digit earnings growth for most sectors
in the S&P 500 and the NYSE Composite. The S&P 493 index (the market
excluding large technology companies) is projected to grow by 11%, which would
provide a stronger and more diversified base for the NYSE Composite.
This diversification is one of the reasons why the
NYSE Composite could outperform pure technology indices in a stable interest
rate environment. Value stocks and companies with growing dividends, which are
well represented in the NYSE, offer a defensive characteristic that investors
appreciate when uncertainty about global economic growth increases.
The forecast calculations included in the study's statistical table provide guidance on the expected trajectory of the index over the next 90, 180, and 360 days. The difference between projections based on long-term and short-term data is notable.
The intersection of econometric theory and technical
analysis practice constitutes the fundamental pillar upon which financial
decision-making in highly volatile contexts is built. This technical report
meticulously breaks down the behavior of the financial asset under study, which
presents an exceptional market configuration as of December 27, 2025. With an
opening price of 22,229.1 and a previous close of 19,395.9, the asset exhibits
significant price expansion that demands an analysis that goes beyond mere
trend observation, integrating statistical probability with the reading of
momentum oscillators and moving average structures.
The justification for this hybrid analysis lies in
the need to mitigate the inherent uncertainty of the markets through the use of
quantitative tools that validate graphical signals. The econometric statistical
study provides the probabilistic basis—"what is likely to
happen"—while technical analysis determines "when" and "at
what level." When faced with a situation where 8 of Investing.com's 12
technical indicators suggest buying and 4 warn of overbought conditions, we
find ourselves in a scenario of signal divergence that can only be resolved
through a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of each indicator.
This duality leads to adopting a level of moderation. Moderation does not imply inaction, but rather the implementation of a more rigorous risk management strategy, given that current prices are in probability territory extreme. The fact that the moving averages show an absolute consensus of 12 buy signals reinforces the upward momentum, but the presence of "caution" signals in the oscillators acts as a necessary brake against the possibility of the movement exhausting.
Moving averages act as smoothers of market noise,
allowing us to identify the predominant direction of capital flow. In the
analyzed asset, we observe a phenomenon of perfect alignment: both the simple
moving averages (SMA) and the exponential moving averages (EMA) in all time
horizons (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 periods) are in a buy position. This
behavior is indicative of a secular upward trend that has managed to
consistently remain above its dynamic support levels. The 5-period moving
average (MA5), located at 22,132.5 (Simple) and 22,141.3 (Exponential), is very
close to the opening price of 22,229.1. The EMA's superiority over the SMA in
this period suggests that the price acceleration in recent sessions is stronger
than the immediate historical average, confirming aggressive momentum.
The convergence in the MA10 (22,010.3) and MA20
(21,905.1) area establishes a fundamental liquidity "cushion." In
technical terms, as long as the price remains above the MA20, the short-term
trend is considered intact, and any pullback to these levels is interpreted by
trading algorithms as a buying opportunity in a healthy correction.
The analysis of the MA200, which stands at 20,555.6
(Simple) and 20,814.5 (Exponential), reveals the magnitude of the current
advance.
The asset is trading significantly above its 200-day
moving average, which is the technical definition of a bull market. However,
such a pronounced deviation from the 200-day moving average often triggers
alarms about a possible mean reversion. In econometrics, this phenomenon is
studied as the distance to the trend, where excessive extension increases the
probability of a technical correction to close the gap between the spot price
and its structural average value.
Technical indicators show a "Strong Buy,"
but the internal distribution of signals (8 buy, 4 overbought) is where the
subtlety of the risk analysis lies. Overbought is not an immediate sell signal,
but rather a warning that buying pressure has reached levels that have
historically preceded a pause or pullback.
The RSI(14) is currently at 64,705. This level is
particularly interesting because, although it indicates strong upward pressure,
it is still below the 70 threshold that formally marks extreme overbought
conditions. Within this range, the asset has what analysts call "room to
run." The RSI calculation, based on the relationship between average gains
and losses, suggests that the trend is healthy:
RSI=100−[1+average loss/average gain100]
Since the value is above 50 but below 70, the RSI
confirms that buyers have complete control of the market, without yet reaching
the point of irrational exuberance that typically marks levels above 80.
Unlike the RSI, the Stochastic Oscillator (9.6) at
98.541 and the Williams %R at -0.088 are at maximum saturation levels. The
Williams %R measures the closing price relative to the highest high of the last
14 periods. A value of -0.088 indicates that the asset is closing practically
at its recent all-time high.
Meanwhile, the StochRSI at 100 is a sign that the RSI
itself is at the upper end of its range. When the StochRSI remains at 100 for
several sessions in conjunction with a strong ADX, a "stuck to the
top" phenomenon occurs, where the asset continues to rise despite being
technically overbought. This is
common in large-scale impulsive moves, such as the one observed with the 14.79%
year-to-date change. The Average Directional Index (ADX) at 31,606 is key to
understanding why overbought conditions haven't halted the advance. An ADX above 25 indicates a strong trend, and a value
above 30 suggests that this trend is fully established. As long as the ADX is
high and rising, overbought indicators can be disregarded as sell signals,
since the trend's momentum outweighs the need for an immediate technical
correction.
The MACD (12,26) with a value of 156.8 reinforces
this thesis. As a trend-following indicator that shows the relationship between
two moving averages, its positive and elevated value confirms that the upward
momentum continues to expand. The fact that there are no neutral or sell
signals on the Investing.com indicator panel underscores a one-way market.
One of the most revealing findings of the study is
the cumulative probability (p) range: 99.50% in the long term and 93.54% in the
short term. Statistically, this places the current price on the far right of
the bell curve, or probability distribution.
A cumulative probability of 99.50% implies that,
according to the historical model used, there is only a 0.5% probability that
the price will reach or exceed current levels based on past behavior. In
econometrics, this is described by the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF):
FX(x)=P(X≤x) =0.995
This level is equivalent to a movement of
approximately 2.57 standard deviations above the mean in a standard normal
distribution. While this confirms that the asset has been a "good
investment" due to its exponential growth, it also highlights the
statistical unsustainability of maintaining such levels indefinitely without a
correction. The fact that the short-term probability is lower (93.54%) suggests
that, while the macroeconomic movement is extreme, the market is still in the
process of adjusting its short-term expectations to these new highs.
The degree of risk increases proportionally as the
cumulative probability approaches 100%. An institutional investor would see
this 99.50% as a signal to adjust their Value at Risk (VaR) models, recognizing
that any reversion to the mean could be violent due to the magnitude of the
previous extension. The "market-generating uncertainty" mentioned in
the premise stems from this tension between seemingly unstoppable momentum and
statistics suggesting the movement is exhausted.
For daily trading and identifying price targets,
pivot points offer a mathematically calculated map of resistance and support
levels. The opening price (22,229.1) is located just above the classic pivot
point of 22,212.1, giving buyers an immediate technical advantage at the start
of the trading day.
Analysis of different methods reveals price
convergence zones. The R1 level (Resistance 1) in the classic model is located
at 22,274.3, very close to the 52-week high (22,257.3). Breaking through this
zone would confirm a new bullish breakout, invalidating any thesis of an
immediate reversal.
On the other hand, Camarilla levels are crucial for
understanding intraday volatility. Camarilla's R3 level is at 22.239, a point
that often acts as a magnet for profit-taking in overextended markets. Given
that the opening price is very close to this level, the probability of
observing active resistance at the open is high.
The Average True Range (ATR) indicator, with a value
of 178.4436, is interpreted as a sign of "lower volatility" relative
to the asset's absolute price. Contained volatility in a bull market is
usually a sign of professional accumulation and a sustainable trend. However,
when prices are at the 99.5th percentile of their distribution, low volatility
can be the "calm before the storm," where a sudden change in
sentiment could trigger an expansion of price ranges (an increase in the ATR)
followed by a sharp drop.
The Bull/Bear Power (13) at 464.1443 and the ROC at
2.001 confirm that buying pressure far exceeds selling pressure at the present
time. The ROC (Rate of Change) measures the
percentage speed of price movement:
ROC
= (Price n periods ago / Current Price) × 100
A
positive and increasing ROC indicates that price acceleration is increasing,
which is typical of the final stages of a parabolic movement. This aligns with
the observation that 8 of the 12 indicators induce buying, but the lack of
neutrality suggests that the market is in a state of extreme "bullish
polarization."
The
combined analysis of econometric statistical study and technical analysis
allows for highly reliable conclusions about the asset's future behavior. We
are facing a "Strong Buy" market structure validated by the unanimous
support of the moving averages (12/12) and the backing of most technical
indicators (8/12).
However, the presence of overbought conditions in 4 key indicators and a cumulative probability of 99.50% introduce a significant risk factor. The forecast suggests that, while the asset is a "good investment" due to its proven trend, the current entry point requires caution.
If
the price manages to consolidate above the pivot point at 22,212.1 and breaks
through the R1 resistance at 22,274.3, the asset will enter a price discovery
phase, defying statistical probabilities and extending the upward momentum
towards the psychological level of 22,500. The ADX above 30 supports this
scenario. Given the extreme overbought conditions in the Williams %R (-0.088)
and StochRSI (100), a reversal to [a negative trend] is likely The average is
moving towards the 20-day moving average (21,905.1). This movement would not
invalidate the long-term uptrend, but rather serve to recalibrate the
indicators and allow the accumulated probability to return to less extreme
levels (below 95%).
Based on the evidence presented, it is recommended to adopt an "active wait" approach for new positions, looking for entries at retracement levels near the S1 support (22,166.9) or even in the short-term moving average zone (22,132 - 22,010). Moderation in decision-making is the logical response to a market that, although bullish, shows signs of imminent statistical exhaustion. Risk management should prioritize protecting profits obtained during the move towards the 99.50% probability, using trailing stop-loss orders that adjust following the 20-day moving average. In conclusion, the asset exhibits undeniable technical strength supported by massive price inertia. However, econometric wisdom dictates that extremes rarely last without consequences. The investor's future success with this asset will depend on their ability to distinguish between a persistent trend and a final exhaustion phase, using pivot levels and momentum oscillators as compasses in historically uncharted price territory.
The
short-term projection is extremely optimistic, suggesting that the index could
reach 28,789 points within a year, representing another massive jump from
current levels. However, the financial economist must contrast this with the
long-term projection, which places the The fair value is closer to 19,855
points. This gap of almost 9,000 points between the two statistical models
underscores the existence of a "risk premium" or momentum bubble in
the short term that could violently correct toward the historical average.
The
linear correlation in the short term (92.55%) is lower than in the long term
(95.42%), indicating that the recent movement has been more erratic and
dependent on specific news events and liquidity flows, rather than a constant
linear economic trend. In this sense, blindly trusting the more aggressive
forecast without considering the negative bias and the 99% cumulative
probability would be to ignore the basic laws of mean reversion in
econometrics.
Although
the user refers to the index as a "company," in terms of financial
diagnosis, the NYSE Composite functions as a massive conglomerate. The
descriptive statistics provided are not merely an academic exercise; they are
the basis for institutional decision-making. A long-term range of 15,794
points, compared to 5,040 in just eight months, shows that volatility has both
compressed and accelerated. The short-term standard deviation (1,020) is
proportionally much higher than the historical average when annualized,
indicating a more nervous and sensitive market.
The
95% confidence level with a short-term range of 149.60 points suggests that
current estimates are accurate within the context of market noise, but this
statistical accuracy does not guarantee certainty against changes in
macroeconomic fundamentals.
The
combination of negative skewness and kurtosis is unusual. Stock markets
generally exhibit positive kurtosis (leptokurtosis). The fact that it is
platykurtic suggests that extreme swings have been suppressed by central bank
intervention or a steady flow of capital into safe-haven assets, a situation
that historically precedes spikes in volatility when the market "breaks out."
When evaluating whether the NYSE Composite is worth investing in, it is
imperative to compare it to other assets. Through 2025, fixed-income returns
remain historically attractive. The 10-year Treasury bond offers a yield that
rivals the dividend yield of many value stocks. However, NYSE stocks offer
superior protection against inflation over the long term, as companies have the
power to set prices and adjust their earnings to the cost of living. Furthermore,
the presence of sectors such as healthcare and consumer staples provides a
buffer against a potential economic slowdown in 2026. Compared to international
markets (such as Europe or emerging markets), the NYSE Composite remains the
preferred destination due to its liquidity and the strength of the dollar,
although the valuation gap has begun to close as investors seek cheaper
opportunities outside the US. This research suggests that for an investor
seeking "quality" and "stability," the NYSE Composite is
preferable to more speculative indices. However, the statistical diagnosis of
"overbought" (cumulative probability > 99%) This indicates that
the entry price at this exact moment is high and carries a risk of immediate
technical correction.
After
a thorough statistical and econometric analysis, the answer to the question of
whether it is worthwhile to invest at this time requires professional nuance
based on the investor's risk profile and time horizon.
The
index is in a "statistical extreme" situation. With a cumulative
probability of 99.50% in the long term and a negative bias in the short term,
the data screams caution. The market is trading outside its historical
frequency norms, and the frequency polygon shows that we are at the top of a
price mountain that lacks immediate support in the event of a reversal. The
polynomial trend lines of order 6, although showing a perfect fit to the past,
warn of the volatile nature of the current momentum. While the 360-day forecast
suggests upside potential towards 28,000 points, this scenario depends on
maintaining an acceleration that is statistically unsustainable without periods
of consolidation. The environment at the end of 2025 is constructive but
unstable. The Fed has begun lowering rates, which is positive, but persistent
inflation and a cooling labor market suggest that the economy's "soft
landing" is still underway. The market valuation (P/E of 21x) assumes
everything will go smoothly in 2026. Any missteps in trade policy (tariffs) or
a failure in AI company profits could trigger a sell-off that would bring the
price in line with the historical median.
For
investors who already hold positions in the NYSE Composite, the recommended
strategy is "Maintain with vigilance." Now is not the time to
liquidate quality-diversified portfolios, but rather to adjust stop-loss orders
and take profits in the most overheated sectors. For new investors wishing to
enter the market at this time, a "Gradual and Selective Entry" using
the discounted cost averaging (DCA) method is advised. Buying the entire
position at these 99% cumulative probability levels ignores the tail risk
identified in the kurtosis and negative skew. It is preferable to wait for a
technical correction towards the 19,000-20,000 point zone (where conservative
forecasts are situated) to increase exposure. In short, research demonstrates
that the NYSE Composite is an exceptional investment vehicle due to its
historical resilience and 203% growth, but current indicators suggest that
prudence should prevail over euphoria. The econometric analysis confirms that
the bell curve is skewed towards the There is a risk of a short-term decline,
and the astute investor must act accordingly to mitigate portfolio risk.
The
importance of this data lies in its ability to strip the market of its
emotional narrative and return it to the reality of probabilities. The
statistical analysis presented here is the most powerful tool for the investor
seeking to navigate a 2026 that promises to be as full of opportunities as it
is of structural challenges. The research concludes that, while the NYSE
Composite remains the nerve center of global capitalism, management," The
tail risk is more important today than ever before in the recent history of the
New York Stock Exchange.
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